Сумарна сонячна радіація та альбедо підстильної поверхні в Україні

Приведено аналіз сумарної радіації та альбедо підстильної поверхні в Україні. Показано зміну цих величин за десятиріччя протягом 1961-2006 рр.Приведен анализ суммарной радиации и альбедо подстилающей поверхности в Украине. Показано изменение этих величин по десятилетиям в течение 1961-2006 гг

Milton Friedman and U.S. monetary history: 1961-2006

This paper brings together, using extensive archival material from several countries, scattered information about Milton Friedman’s views and predictions regarding U.S. monetary policy developments after 1960 (i.e., the period beyond that covered by his and Anna Schwartz’s Monetary History of the United States). I evaluate these interpretations and predictions in light of subsequent events.Federal Reserve System - History ; Friedman, Milton ; Economic history

Milton Friedman and U.S. monetary history: 1961-2006

This paper, using extensive archival material from several countries, brings together scattered information about Milton Friedman's views and predictions regarding U.S. monetary policy developments after 1960 (i.e., the period beyond that covered by his and Anna Schwartz's Monetary History of the United States). The author evaluates these interpretations and predictions in light of subsequent events.Friedman, Milton ; Federal Reserve System - History ; Economic history

Channels of risk-sharing among Canadian provinces: 1961--2006

This paper incorporates recent developments in the literature to quantify the amount of interprovincial risk-sharing in Canada. We find that 29% of shocks to gross provincial product are smoothed by capital markets, 27% are smoothed by the federal tax-transfer systems, and about 24% are smoothed by credit markets. The remaining 20% are not smoothed. Our results bring to light the critical role that Alberta plays in trading-off credit market smoothing for more capital market risk-sharing with the rest of Canada. Our pairwise risk-sharing analysis has brought up some interesting questions and arguments that are often neglected in discussions of regional risk-sharing. For example, one aspect of the pairwise analysis sheds light on the assessment of the economic effects of Quebec separation.Risk-sharing; pairwise risk-sharing; federal taxes and transfer; panel data; cross-sectional dependence.

Channels of risk-sharing among Canadian provinces: 1961–2006

This paper incorporates recent developments in the literature to quantify the amount of interprovincial risk-sharing in Canada. We find that both capital market and the federal tax-transfer system play an almost equally important role (about 26 percent each) in smoothing shocks to gross provincial product, while only 18 percent of shocks are smoothed by credit markets. The remaining 30 percent are not smoothed. Our results bring to light the critical role that Alberta plays in trading-off credit market smoothing for more capital market risk-sharing to the rest of Canada. Our pairwise risk-sharing analysis has brought up some interesting questions and arguments that are often neglected in discussions of regional risk-sharing. For example, one aspect of the pairwise analysis sheds light on the assessment of the economic effects of Quebec separation.Risk-sharing; pairwise risk-sharing; federal taxes and transfer; panel data; cross-section dependence.

Sémiotique et photographie: 1961-2006

Le présent article offre un aperçu des rencontres et interactions entre les champs de la photographie et de la sémiotique depuis 1961 (date de publication de l’article fondateur de Roland Barthes “Le Message photographique”). Il analyse successivement trois aspects de cette problématique: a) la grande diversité des analyses sémiotiques du fait photographique; b) les apports mutuels des deux domaines, puisque la sémiotique a changé notre manière de voir la photographie et vice versa; c) les problèmes et les opportunités qui se profilent lorsqu’on cherche à articuler théoriquement les deux domaines.This article proposes first of all a survey of the encounters and interactions between photography and semiotics since 1961 (date of publication of the seminal article by Roland Barthes on "The Photographic Message"). It then examines successively the three following aspects: a) the wide range of semiotic analyses of photography that have been proposed since 1961; b) the mutual enrichments of both domains, for photography has shaped our vision of semiotics as much as semiotics has redefined our approach to photography; c) the problems and challenges that emerge when one tries to amalgamate both domains at a theoretical level

A Comparative Study of the Magnitude, Frequency and Distribution of Intense Rainfall in the United Kingdom

During the 1960s, a study was made of the magnitude, frequency and distribution of intense rainfall over the UK, employing data from more than 120 daily-read rain gauges covering the period 1911 to 1960. Using the same methodology, that study was recently updated utilizing data for the period 1961 to 2006 for the same gauges, or from those nearby. This paper describes the techniques applied to ensure consistency of data and statistical modelling. It presents a comparison of patterns of extreme rainfalls for the two periods and discusses the changes that have taken place. Most noticeably, increases up to 20% have occurred in the north west of the country and in parts of East Anglia. There have also been changes in other areas, including decreases of the same magnitude over central England. The implications of these changes are considered